Was the radicals who were to blame for the Peterloo massacre essays

Was the radicals who were at fault for the Peterloo slaughter papers It was the radicals who were at fault for the Peterloo slaughter? The Peterloo slaughter was a sudden day for each and every individual who went to the dissent that was given by Henry Hunt. On 16 August 1819, a horde of more than 50,000 accumulated in St Peter's Fields in Manchester to hear a discourse on parliamentary change by Henry Hunt. The reformers bore two flags, conquered with tops of freedom, and bearing the engravings: No Corn Laws, Yearly Parliaments, All inclusive Suffrage, Vote by Ballot. Eleven individuals were murdered and around 400 harmed, however what was to come was a lot of unforeseen. Numerous individuals got harmed and slaughtered however the inquiry is who was at fault for the Peterloo slaughter? A few people believed that the yeomanries were at fault for the Peterloo slaughter since they assaulted unprotected individuals in town with no notice. Archibald Prentice (onlooker and companion of Henry Hunt) says ...when a howling sound was gotten notification from the central avenue and hurrying out I saw individuals running toward Pendleton, their faces horribly washed out, and some with blood streaming down their cheeks. From Archibalds articulation I accept that the individuals were honest and exposed, they had no privilege rewarding them like that, they were not to fault. From the outset Archibald wasnt sure what was happening around when he saw the individuals running in dread. The craftsman of the image censures the yeomanry for the Peterloo slaughter in light of the fact that the image shows the troopers murdering honest individuals with sabers, the ponies tramping them and being shot. Other 400 were likewise truly harmed. It likewise shows a powerless mother on the ground asking for leniency for the warrior to save her and her childs life. On the stage it shows Henry Hunt and different reformers holding banners and shouting at the group. It gives you the name of the individuals who were executed and how they kicked the bucket. This educate ... <!

Systematic Business Theory Grounded Theory -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Examine About The Systematic Business Theory Grounded Theory? Answer: Introducation One of the most precise business hypotheses is the grounded hypothesis. bookkeeping to Paton (1990), it is where an exploration technique is applied through the examination of the information. It is one of the examination techniques, which is worked inductively. It depends totally on the assortment of the subjective information. The specialists for this situation audit the information that is gathered. At the point when the more information, which is gathered are re-seen the codes can be arranged into ideas lastly they are assembled into classes. The new classes fill in as the reason for the new idea and hypothesis. The motivation behind the paper is to break down this procedure and to examine it as a significant business look into strategy. The grounded hypothesis is not quite the same as the customary hypothesis. For this situation, the new information is gathered and the examination is totally founded on the recently gathered information and not on the current structure of information. Glaser stressed on the need with respect to the scientists to be increasingly inventive and specific in their methodology. Then again, Strauss (1990) set forward an alternate idea. He contended that a direct methodology ought to have been there for the suggested hypothesis. Despite what might be expected, Glaser (1992) further chosen a particular organization or working for the examination he further permits issues to be featured for contemplating those. It totally relies on the impression of the analysts. Strauss and Corbin restrict it. They contended that the scientist must have the total information on the situation and in the wake of having the information, he ought to continue for the exploration. They decided on progressively orga nized type of investigation. Glaser basically centered around the various observations, and various relations and episodes identified with the circumstance. This stands totally conversely with the hypothesis of Strauss and Corbin. Their primary concern was the means that they believe is a higher priority than the dissecting any marvels (Molloy et al. 2016). The procedure contains the assortment of right information and in a methodical structure. To create the hypothesis in a methodical manner it is critical to gather the information in a deliberate manner. Anyway taking the hypothesis forward, the fundamental point of coding is to close the report, which incorporates the variable ideas. There is a hypothetical idea, which incorporates the hypothetical affectability. This idea incorporates the thinking about the analyst's with respect to the information in hypothetical terms. As per this hypothesis, it is fundamental for the specialist to collaborate ceaselessly with the information and after the constant cooperation; a judgment is to be passed by the analyst (Jolliff 2015). Information assortment is the investigation of the field examination; it contains the meeting notes, which for the most part incorporates the notes, the chronicles or the transcripts. Aside from this, it tends to be expressed that coding is at last the results of the inquiries that are being raised. It incorporates the offering ceaselessly of the responses with respect to various classifications (Midgley and Venaik 2013). From the point by point study this one can express this for future. Accordingly, from the above examination an obvious end result can be headed to this that numerous pundits and different assessments had considered it has been drawn from the investigations. The hypothesis the hypothesis has demonstrated as one of the viable methods of business hypothesis. In examining the circumstance the point of view of the respondent is significant than the viewpoint of the analyst. At long last it can closed by expressing that the grounded hypothesis begins from the naturalistic circumstances, with the comprehension of the collaboration. References Douglas, D., 2013. Administrative exercises from the takeover of a little endeavor: A subjective case study.International Journal of Management,30(1), p.99. Jolliff, G.D., 2015.The pioneering college and the intercession of emergency: An investigation of college inquire about magazines(Doctoral paper, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro). Midgley, D. furthermore, Venaik, S., 2013. Showcasing procedure in MNC auxiliaries: unadulterated versus half and half paradigms. In55th Annual Meeting of the Academy of International Business(pp. 215-216). AIB Economics Secretariat. Molloy, D., Hendricks, J. furthermore, Williams, A., 2016. The Interpretive Approach as a Means of Understanding the Misunderstood.

Learn About Criminal Justice

Learn About Criminal Justice Imagine a society where there are no laws. Everyone is free to do as they please and no one is held responsible for their actions. Feeling hungry but don’t have any money? Just walk into the nearest café, pull out a gun and ask for a burger. Need to get somewhere but your car is broken? Simply steal your neighbor’s car and get on with your journey.How do you think life would be in such a society? It’s obvious that such a society would be characterized by chaos and violence. It would be survival for the fittest.Humans are social creatures, and to enable us to live in harmony with each other, we have laws that govern what we can or cannot do. The purpose of these laws is to create a safe environment for everyone. They create an environment where you can walk down the street without feeling threatened and interact with others without fear. While they are important in ensuring safety and reducing conflicts in society, laws would be entirely useless if there was no system in place to ensure that these laws are followed and that those who do not follow them are punished.This is where the criminal justice system comes in. The criminal justice system is essentially a combination of government agencies, institutions and processes that are tasked with identifying crimes, apprehending the law breakers and imposing punishment on the law breakers.The criminal justice system is also tasked with minimizing the occurrence of crime, rehabilitating offenders and to some extent, providing moral support to victims of criminal behavior.THE ROLE OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEMThe criminal justice system is comprised of different branches, each of which has its own specific roles and functions. However, there are some goals that cut across all branches of the criminal justice system. These include:Pubic protection: It is the role of the criminal justice system to prevent and deter criminal behavior and to make sure that offenders are brought to book.Justice and rule of law: It is the responsibility of the criminal justice system to ensure that defendants are treated properly and fairly.Public order: It is the responsibility of the criminal justice system to ensure that there is public order at all times by maintaining law and social order.Denunciation: The criminal justice system is also tasked with registering social disapproval against certain behaviors.Victim services: The criminal justice system should provide appropriate assistance and advice to victims of criminal behavior.Public confidence: Finally, the criminal justice system should ensure there is confidence in the government’s ability to effectively and fairly deal with any public threat posed by criminals.While these goals cut across all branches of the criminal justice system, different branches will prioritize these goals differently according to specific role played by each branch.BRANCHES OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEMEven though the criminal justice system is a combination of several dif ferent agencies, institutions and processes, it can be divided into three major branches, based on the different stages a criminal case goes through from inception to punishment.These three branches are law enforcement, the court system and the corrections systems.Law Enforcement If you go outside right now and take a walk down the street, there is a high chance you will come across police officers on patrol. These police officers are part of law enforcement. If you witness a crime, you will probably call 911 and report the crime to law enforcement officers.Law enforcement is the most visible branch of the criminal justice system, owing to the fact that it is the first point of contact between an offender and the criminal justice system. Law enforcement is tasked with helping to prevent crime, taking reports on crimes, arresting offenders, investigating incidences of crime, and gathering and protecting evidence. Law enforcement officers may also be required to give testimony in cour t.The law enforcement branch includes sheriffs and deputies, patrol offices, federal agents, detectives, game and park rangers, and any other offices who comprise the first point of contact between criminals and the criminal justice system.Law enforcement officers are required to be knowledgeable of and to uphold the individual rights of anyone suspected of breaking the law. These rights include search and seizure rights, the Miranda rights, right to know grounds of arrest, and many others. In some cases, law enforcement offices are allowed to use force or other forms of legal coercion when apprehending a suspect or in order to maintain social order. Some instances also give law enforcement officers the power to override some of these rights. For example, an officer is allowed to search a suspect without a warrant if he has reason to believe that evidence is going to be destroyed.In many municipalities, an individual can become a law enforcement officer without having a degree in cr iminal justice. However, this does not downplay the importance of education among law enforcement officers. Various studies show that having an education improves effectiveness in law enforcement offices. According to this paper published in Police Quarterly, police officers with only a high school education of GED are more likely to use force compared to those with a higher education.After arresting a suspected offender, investigating the crime and gathering evidence, law enforcement hands over the offender to the court system.The Court SystemThe court system is tasked with determining the guilt or innocence of the offender, now referred to as the defendant, and determining an appropriate punishment based on the crime that the defendant is charged with. The court system consists of judges, who oversee courts, as well as other individuals such as attorneys, members of the jury, and ancillary court staff.In court, the defendant is given the chance to defend himself against the eviden ce presented by the prosecution. The defendant can be represented by an attorney of own choosing. If the defendant cannot afford an attorney, the court will appoint a counsel to represent him or her.The judge and the jury listen to the evidence presented by the attorneys and then determine whether the defendant is guilty or innocent. The jury should be a representation of a fair-cross section of the community. It is the responsibility of the court to give a fair and unbiased judgment based on all the evidence presented. If the courts find the defendant guilty of committing the crime, the judge gives a sentence or other appropriate punishment and then hand over the defendant to the corrections system.If the guilt of the defendant cannot be proved, he or she is released. Judges are also tasked with the responsibility of accepting or rejecting plea agreements.Just like with law enforcement, the court system is supposed to be knowledgeable of, and to uphold the rights of the defendant. These rights include the right to a jury trial, the right to counsel, the right against incriminating oneself, the right to confront one’s accusers, and many more.CorrectionsIf the defendant is found guilty, he or she is sentenced and then handed over to the corrections systems, which is tasked with the role meting out punishment to the convict. The most common form of punishment is incarceration, especially if the convict was charged with a serious offence. In this case, the convict is sent to a jail or a prison. Prisons house convicts who committed serious felonies and were sentenced to more than one year of incarceration.Jails, on the other hand, are used for offenders who committed less serious offenses, and are usually used to hold offenders who were sentenced to less than one year. In some cases, the offender might be sentenced to probation if the court feels that the offender is not a threat to society.The corrections system consists of corrections officers, probation offic ers, and parole officers. The role of corrections officers is to supervise incarcerated convicts serving time in prison. Probation officers are given the responsibility of supervising offenders who have been sentenced to probation.Probation officers may also be require to conduct presentence investigations to help the courts determine whether the offender is a threat to society, which can in turn help a judge determine whether to have the offender incarcerated or to sentence them to probation. Parole officers are tasked with supervising individuals who have been released early on parole and ensuring that they are adhering to the terms of their parole.The corrections branch of the criminal justice system has five basic goals, which are:Incapacitation: This function of the corrections system aims to prevent future crimes by isolating the offender from society. Incarceration, house arrest and the death sentence are all forms of incapacitation.Deterrence: The aim of deterrence is to urg e citizens and potential offenders to follow the rules of law and to deter people from committing crimes. There are four types of deterrence. Specific deterrence aims at punishing an individual with the aim of deterring them from committing crimes in future. General deterrence hopes to deter others from committing crimes by punishing one individual. Marginal deterrence tries to analyze the effectiveness of different types of punishment in deterring crime, either specifically or generally. The fourth type of deterrence is partial deterrence, which refers to situations where the threat of punishment deters someone engaged in illegal behavior from committing an even bigger offense. It’s good to note that measuring how effective the corrections systems is in deterring crime can be a difficult thing since people may follow the low not because of the threat of punishment, but also because of other factors, such as lack of opportunity or due to religious or moral beliefs.Retribution: The corrections system also aims at preventing crime by providing victims of crime and society at large with a sense of justice or a feeling of satisfaction that appropriate punishment has been meted out to the offender. When society feels that the justice system is working effectively, this is likely to decrease the rate of crime. According to this paper by Dan Nagin, the certainty of punishment for crime deters criminal behavior, even more than the severity of the punishment. Incarceration and fines are a form of retribution.Rehabilitation: The corrections system also tries to help criminals overcome the factors that drove them to commit crimes and tries to act as a bridge to help criminals transition back to society as useful members of the community. The corrections systems does this by helping criminals resolve psychological issues such as aggression and drug addiction and by providing them with occupational skills that they can use to earn a living.Restoration: This is a relative ly new and radically different approach being adopted by the corrections system. The aim of restoration is to create an avenue for an offender to amend the relationship between the offender and the victim, as well as the community where the offender committed the crime. The restoration approach is more common in crimes that involve youth offenders.Just like with the other two branches of the criminal justice system, the corrections system is supposed to observe the rights of convicts, the most important of which is the right to be free of cruel and unusual punishment. The corrections systems is supposed to ensure jails are not overcrowded, to prevent physical abuse of convicts by corrections officers and to provide proper medical care to incarcerated convicts.HOW THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM WORKSThe criminal justice system is a process that follows a number of steps. It begins with the report of a crime and ends with a convicted offender being released from a corrections facility. O f course, the steps may vary depending on the nature of the crime, the age of the offender, as well as other factors. However, most criminal cases generally follow the steps below:Step 1: Entry Into The SystemCrime report: The criminal justice process starts with a crime report. The crime report can come in different ways, such as:An officer who has just heard gun shots while on patrol reports this back to the station before proceeding to investigate or waiting for backup.A person who has just been mugged walks into a police station to report the crime.A person who has witnessed someone breaking into a neighbor’s house calls 911 to report the crime, resulting in officers being sent over to investigate and hopefully apprehend the burglar.Investigation: After a crime has been reported, law enforcement officers start an investigation with the aim of identifying a suspect or gathering evidence that can be used to support an arrest. Part of the investigation might include performing a search of the suspect or their property. Before a search warrant is issued, the enforcement officers need to show probable cause, which means that they need to show facts or apparent facts indicating that the evidence of the crime might be found on a certain person or at a certain place.Arrest or citation: If the law enforcement officers find enough evidence pointing to a suspect in course of the investigation, the officers may take the suspect into custody and hold him until he is produced in court. Before arresting the suspect, law enforcement officers must show a reasonable link between the suspect and the crime. In some instances, mostly in low level crimes, law enforcement officers might issue a citation instead of arresting the suspect. The citation allows the suspect to be released with the promise that he will appear in court at a specified time.Step 2: Prosecution And PretrialCharges: The law enforcement officers who investigated the crime present their evidence to a prosec utor. Depending on the presented evidence, the prosecutor may decide to either file a written charge to kick-start the prosecution or to let the accused go.Arraignment: In the event that formal charges were filed by the prosecutor, the offender is brought before the court where the charges against him and his rights are read out. Depending on the presented evidence, the judge may choose to hold the accused or to let him go. During the arraignment, the accused pleads guilty or not guilty. In case the accused pleads guilty, there is no further need for trial, and a sentence is handed then or later. If the accused’s plea is not guilty, the judge then sets a date for the pretrial. An attorney is also appointed to represent the accused if he does not have one.Bail or bond: After hearing the evidence, the judge will have the accused held in jail if he is deemed to be a flight risk. Otherwise, the judge may release the accused on bond, bail or own recognizance. If the accused is released on bail, they have to deposit some cash or property with the court as a guarantee that they will appear in court for trial. Bail is usually paid in the form of cash or bond. If the accused is released on his own recognizance, it means that accused promised on their own recognizance that they will show up in court for trial.Preliminary hearing: Many states give the accused the right to have a grand jury listen to their case. The prosecutor presents his evidence to the grand jury, which then decides whether the presented evidence is enough to indict the accused. If the evidence is sufficient, the grand jury submits an indictment to the court. In states where the accused does not have the right to a grand jury, he will be presented in front of a judge for a preliminary hearing. If the judge deems the evident against the accused to be sufficient for trial, the accused is formally indicted. If the evidence is not sufficient, the judge may release the accused. During the preliminary hear ing, it is the burden of the government to prove that there is enough evidence that a crime was committed and that it was committed by the accused.Step 3: AdjudicationPlea Bargain: Many cases do not get to trial. Instead, they are resolved by plea bargain. This is an arrangement where the accused agrees to plead guilty to a particular charge in exchange for some concession from the prosecutor. In many cases, the accused pleads guilty to one of several charges or to a less serious charge. In exchange, the prosecutor dismisses the other charges or recommends that the court give a more lenient sentence. A plea bargain saves the accused the time and expenses associated with defending himself at trial and the risk of being convicted on a more serious charge at trial. In most cases, plea bargains are subject to the court’s approval.Trial: If the accused did not enter into a plea bargain, the case goes to trial. The trial can either be a jury trial (judge and jury) or a bench trial (judg e). During the trial, evidence is presented by both the prosecutor and the defense attorney. Both are also allowed to question witnesses and to issue their closing statements to the court. Based on the evidence presented, the judge or jury may decide that the accused is either guilty or not guilty. If the accused is found guilty, a date is set for sentencing. If the accused is found not guilty, he gets released.Step 4: Post-TrialSentencing: During the sentencing, the charges and the verdict will be read out in court and the prosecutor and defense attorney given a chance to present different aspects of the case â€" the impact on the victims, the circumstances of the offense, the offender’s circumstances and so on. The judge considers these aspects to give a sentence that is fair and proportionate. Some options that the judge has when it comes to sentencing include restitution, probation, fines, imprisonment, or the death penalty.Appeals: If the defense feels a certain aspect of the trial was not handled properly, they may file an appeal with the appellate courts. The appellate court reviews the details of the case and decides whether to uphold the results of the case or to reverse the case. If the appellate court reverses the case, the previous trial because moot. It is up to the prosecutor to decide whether he will refile the case or drop the charges.Punishment and rehabilitation: If the defendant was sentenced to imprisonment, he is sent to local, state or federal correctional facilities to serve his time. The inmate remains incarcerated until he has served his maximum sentence, or until an early release mechanism is activated, such as a pardon or a parole. It is important to note that most incarcerated convicts get released without serving their complete terms.WRAPPING UPIf you do not work within the criminal justice system, it might appear to be intimidating, overwhelming and confusing. However, as you might have noticed while reading this article, it is not really that complicated. Knowing about the criminal justice system is important. If you ever find yourself as a victim to a crime, you will be aware of what to expect throughout the whole process.

Human Resources Management Action Plan - 1935 Words

Abstract Human Resources Management (HRM) has many applications in the business world. This paper will identify three key lessons learned about HRM. It will also outline how these concepts can be applied in the real world to enhance professional effectiveness. This paper will then tie together how these lessons relate to effective HRM concepts, practices and systems. Lastly, this paper will outline specific thinking and behavior changes as well as actions that will lead to successful implementation of these key lessons learned into daily management practices. Keywords: human resources management, HRM, motivation, diversity, communication, recognition, relationships, performance, economic growth, recruiting, candidates, creativity,†¦show more content†¦This will drive them to want to help find ways to improve existing processes or define new processes. Hiring a diverse workforce is valuable in enhancing effectiveness of any manager or leader for many reasons, as outlined by Kerby and Burns (2012): (1) a diverse workforce drives economic growth, (2) a diverse workforce can capture a greater share of the consumer market, (3) recruiting from a diverse pool of candidates means a more qualified workforce, (4) a diverse and inclusive workforce helps businesses avoid employee turnover costs, (5) diversity fosters a more creative and innovative workforce, (6) businesses need to adapt to our changing nation to be competitive in the economic market, (7) diversity is a key aspect of entrepreneurialism, (8) diversity in business ownership, particularly among women of color, is key to moving our economy forward, (9) diversity in the workplace is necessary to create a competitive economy in a globalized world, and (10) diversity in the boardroom is needed to leverage a company’s full potential. Understanding how to work with employees of different generations will be especially valuable in enhancing my effectiveness as a manager and leader because in today’sShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Strategic Plan For The National Commission For Civic Education758 Words   |  4 PagesIMPLIMENTATION PLAN This study has gradually sort to develop a human resource strategic plan for the National Commission for Civic Education (NCCE). 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What Is the Difference Between Weight and Mass

The terms mass and weight are used interchangeably in ordinary conversation, but the two words dont mean the same thing. The difference between mass and weight is that mass is the amount of matter in a material, while weight is a measure of how the force of gravity acts upon that mass. Mass is the measure of the amount of matter in a body. Mass is denoted using m or M.Weight is the measure of the amount of force acting on a mass due to the acceleration due to gravity. Weight usually is denoted by W. Weight is mass multiplied by the acceleration of gravity (g). ï » ¿Wmâˆâ€"gW m * gWmâˆâ€"gï » ¿Comparing Mass and Weight For the most part, when comparing mass and weight on Earth—without moving!—the values for mass and weight are the same. If you change your location with respect to gravity, mass will remain unchanged, but weight will not. For example, your bodys mass is a set value, but your weight is different on the Moon compared with on Earth. Mass is a property of matter. The mass of an object is the same everywhere. Weight depends on the effect of gravity. Weight increases or decreases with higher or lower gravity. Mass can never be zero. Weight can be zero if no gravity acts upon an object, as in space. Mass does not change according to location. Weight varies according to location. Mass is a scalar quantity. It has magnitude. Weight is a vector quantity.It has magnitude and is directed toward the center of the Earth or other gravity well. Mass may be measured using an ordinary balance. Weight is measured using a spring balance. Mass usually is measured in grams and kilograms. Weight often is measured in newtons, a unit of force. How Much Do You Weigh on Other Planets? While a persons mass doesnt change elsewhere in the solar system, the acceleration due to gravity and weight varies dramatically. The calculation of gravity on other bodies, as on Earth, depends not just on mass but also on how far the surface is from the center of gravity. On Earth, for example, your weight is slightly lower on a mountain top than at sea level. The effect becomes even more dramatic for large bodies, such as Jupiter. While the gravity exerted by Jupiter due to its mass is 316 times greater than that of Earth, you wouldnt weigh 316 times more because its surface (or the cloud level we call the surface) is so far out from the center. Other celestial bodies have different values of gravity than Earth does. To get your weight, simply multiply by the appropriate number. For example, a 150-pound person would weigh 396 pounds on Jupiter, or 2.64 times their weight on Earth. Body Multiple of Earth Gravity Surface Gravity (m/s2) Sun 27.90 274.1 Mercury 0.3770 3.703 Venus 0.9032 8.872 Earth 1 (defined) 9.8226 Moon 0.165 1.625 Mars 0.3895 3.728 Jupiter 2.640 25.93 Saturn 1.139 11.19 Uranus 0.917 9.01 Neptune 1.148 11.28 You may be surprised by your weight on other planets. It makes sense that a person would weigh about the same on Venus, because that planet is about the same size and mass as Earth. However, it may seem odd that youd actually weigh less on the gas giant Uranus. Your weight would be only slightly higher on Saturn or Neptune. Although Mercury is much smaller than Mars, your weight would be about the same. The Sun is much more massive than any other body, yet youd only weigh about 28 times more. Of course, youd die on the Sun from the massive heat and other radiation, but even if it were cold, the intense gravity on a planet that size would be deadly. Resources and Further Reading Galili, Igal. â€Å"Weight versus Gravitational Force: Historical and Educational Perspectives.† International Journal of Science Education, vol. 23, no. 10, 2001, pp. 1073-1093.Gat, Uri. â€Å"The Weight of Mass and the Mess of Weight.† Standardization of Technical Terminology: Principles and Practice, edited by Richard Alan Strehlow, vol. 2, ASTM, 1988, pp. 45-48.Hodgman, Charles D., editor. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 44th ed., Chemical Rubber Co, 1961, pp.  3480-3485.​Knight, Randall Dewey. Physics for Scientists and Engineers: a Strategic Approach. Pearson, 2004, pp 100-101.Morrison, Richard C. â€Å"Weight and Gravity—The Need for Consistent Definitions.† The Physics Teacher, vol. 37, no. 1, 1999.

Outlook of Domestic and International Tourism in the Philippines Free Essays

1. Outlook of Domestic and International Tourism in the Philippines: †¢According to the Philippine National Tourism Development Plan 2011-2016, DOT wanted the Philippines to be a must-experience destination in Asia. With that strategic vision, they established a general goal which is to develop an environmentally and socially responsible tourism that delivers more widely distributed income and employment opportunities as indicated by 6. We will write a custom essay sample on Outlook of Domestic and International Tourism in the Philippines or any similar topic only for you Order Now 6 M international arrivals and 34. M domestic travellers generating PhP1,759 billion in total expenditure, contributing 6. 78% to GDP and employing 6. 5 million people by 2016. With that being said they created objectives to achieve the goal which is to improve market access and connectivity by rapidly expanding capacity of secondary international airports, expanding connectivity between Philippines and its key growth markets and implementing a strategic access infrastructure program between secondary international airports and strategic destinations. Developing and marketing competitive tourist destinations and products by implementing a sustainable tourism destination infrastructure program, developing diversified tourism products that engage local communities, implementing a PPP-based mandatory tourism enterprise accreditation system and facilitate tourism investment and lower cost of business safeguarding natural cultural heritage and vulnerable groups PPP-based marketing strategy and action plan. Lastly, improving tourism institutional, governance and human resource capacities by institutionalizing roles and responsibilities of DOT and LGUs, developing a competent well motivated and productive tourism workforce and improving governance in the area of safety, security, and in dealing with tourists. (http://asiapacific. unwto. org/sites/all/files/pdf/philippines_5. pdf) †¢As of January 2013, DOT Secretary Ramon Jimenez, have missed the target of 5 million tourist arrivals by less than 300,000 (4. 6 Million), and is eyeing the 5 million by the end of 2013. He will do it by intensifying the marketing campaign overseas, increasing the number of hotels and room accommodations, and most importantly, improving the so-called one of the worst airports in the world which is NAIA. (http://www. abs-cbnnews. com/business/01/17/13/dot-misses-2012-tourist-arrival-target) 2. Interest of Air Asia and Tiger Airways in the Philippine Operation: †¢AirAsia has affiliates in Indonesia and Thailand, both of which could have an IPO later this year, as well as long-haul associate AirAsia X. It has also announced plans to start up an affiliate in the Philippines. Clark will be the 13th regional hub of the AirAsia group, in addition to its bases in Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia. Increasingly, however, AirAsia is finding that it has to share its turf with Singapore Airlines’ associate Tiger, which has announced plans of its own for the Philippine and Thai market. Accoording to AirAsia’s chief executive Marianne Hontiveros, â€Å"Our choice of Clark underlines the airline’s commitment to developing transportation and tourism hubs outside Manila. This is part of our plan to contribute to the development of the country as a whole. Last February 2011, Tiger said it would buy a 32. 5% stake in Philippine low-cost carrier Seair, following a marketing partnership between the two airlines late 2010. Tiger’s chief executive Tony Davis says that by taking a stake in Seair, his airline would be able to take a bigger share in â€Å"a major market opportunity for low cost airlines†. The move would also allow Seair to c ompete more effectively against local market leader Cebu Pacific, which had a successful IPO last year and is rapidly expanding both its fleet and network. (http://www. flightglobal. om/news/articles/low-cost-carriers-growth-expectations-355702/) †¢The year 2012 put the global spotlight on the Philippine aviation industry, largely due to the phenomenal performance of the low-cost carriers flying domestic and international routes. The share of budget carriers in the the Philippines in the first 9 months of 2012 has soared to an average of 60%, reflecting one of the highest in the world, according to business consultancy firm Innodata. Almost 80% of the domestic market’s 15. 5 million passengers and about 30% of international’s 12. 5 million flew budget airlines in January-to-September. Since budget flights were introduced to Filipinos in 2005, the number of passengers hopping from one of the archipelago’s 7,100 islands to the next, or to Asian destinations less than 4 hours away, have been growing by leaps and bounds. The year 2012 saw the highest jumps. The promise of low fares and new destinations were key reasons for this exponential growth. Budget carriers, in turn, battled it out in this increasingly competitive playing field by acquiring fuel-efficient aircraft and testing new markets. Some beefed up their war chest by getting new owners or partners with deeper pockets or wider reach. http://www. rappler. com/business/18371-low-cost-carriers-drive-aviation-growth) †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Tiger Airways, however, said the long-term potential of the Indonesian and Philippines air travel market is promising. † (http://www. interaksyon. com/business/53511/tiger-airways-says-seair-unlikely-to-turn-in-a-profit-in-2013) †¢The resulting operational and cost ef ficiencies will ensure more low fare seats are available and contribute to the growth of SEAIR and the Clark gateway, benefiting customers in the Philippines and across the Asia Pacific region. Avelino Zapanta, SEAIR’s President and CEO, said, â€Å"With this new collaboration with Tiger Airways, we will also be able to serve more international visitors to the Philippines by offering more destinations with great value, low fares. In addition, the introduction of these new jet services will create a welcome boost to the Philippines tourism industry and create more high calibre local jobs. † Chin Sak Hin, Chief Financial Officer of Tiger Airways Holdings Limited, said, â€Å"We are very excited to be working with SEAIR as the first â€Å"Partner Airline† of tigerairways. com. Besides the cost advantages resulting from basing aircraft and crew in Clark, SEAIR’s extensive experience and brand recognition will ensure that more customers in the Philippines and internationally can access the same low fares offered by Tiger Airways when using the leading regional travel portal â€Å"tigerairways. com†. Together with Tiger Airways’ strong marketing and distribution platform in Singapore and across major markets in the region, it will be a powerful combination that offers unbeatable value and fares to even more travellers. (http://www. tigerairways. com/news/OA_20110224_Tiger_Airways_Plans_To_Purchase_Major_Stake_in_SEAir. df) †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Our choice of Clark underlines the airline’s commitment to developing transportation and tourism hubs outside Manila. This is part of our plan to contribute to the development of the country as a whole. AirAsia, Inc. is excited to start contributing to the economy of Clark and the rest of the countr y by boosting tourism and offering job opportunities to Filipinos,† said Marianne B. Hontiveros, chief executive of AirAsia, Inc. † †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"We plan to make Clark the hub for flights to popular destinations including Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, China, Thailand, Korea and Japan. Travel will become much easier and more affordable for tourists and overseas Filipino workers,† Hontiveros added. Hontiveros, Antonio O. Cojuangco Jr. and Michael L. Romero own 60% of AirAsia, Inc. in equal partnership. The remaining 40% is owned by AirAsia Berhad. 3. Relevance of the Philippine population in the regional LCC’s interest of operation According to the Pacific Asia Travel Association, as of 2011, there are 114 million online visitors who check out the internet for Airlines which are aged 15 and above and who have internet access in schools, works, homes, etc. In the Philippines, 11% of the total population has access to the internet and check out these sites for low-cost airfares. This study shows that the higher the population is the more online hits and the more famous the air carrier gets when it comes to low-cost fares. AirAsia has topped the list of most-visited websites with 3,380,000 visits and second is, Tiger Airways which increased 226% from 554,000 to 1,805,000. Low-cost airlines in Asia Pacific have already seen substantial growth, even just in the past year. With many of these carriers adopting highly web-centric models, it is significant that they attract more than their fair share of the young Internet users in the region. For these young travellers, low-cost airlines may be the first time that they have to book and buy their own travel, providing for many the portal into continued use of the web as an e-commerce channel. Significant upside in the market remains as Internet penetration increases in the region, and people who could not afford to travel before can now take cheaper flights. The younger generation as well as the continued improvements in site usability and security will also begin to influence older Internet users to adopt the web as a channel for researching and booking travel. â€Å"PATA sees low-cost carriers as an increasingly important part of the travel ecosystem in Asia Pacific and this study has proven that,† remarks John Koldowski, Deputy Chief Executive Officer and Head, Office of Strategy Management, PATA. â€Å"As consumers across demographic segments continue to turn to the web for their travel needs, it How to cite Outlook of Domestic and International Tourism in the Philippines, Papers

Moor of Yorkshire Essay Example For Students

Moor of Yorkshire Essay Dirty and haunted, in the middle of nowhere, lays the Moor of Yorkshire. It is a place so far away from civilization that blanks people’s faces when its name is brought up in daily chatters. It is also where heaven and hell collides, and separated by the cold barren moors, two once glorious and significant estates. Dilapidated walls, grotesque carvings, the gigantic but shallow stone-house by the name of Wuthering Heights, or hell. Surrounded by penetrating coldness, and stuffed with patches of dirt and evil, the stone mansion is no different to a demonic, isolated world where dreams vanish and hopes disappear. â€Å"A range of gaunt thorns all stretching their limb one way, as if craving alms of the sun†, Built to endure harsh storms of the dark, the lifeless mansion with bleak vegetation sits on top of the moors, with soggy and infertile land underneath that buries the ashes of vicious, suffering souls. Through the untrimmed vines, you can vaguely see the deep scratches on the moldy walls and ceilings of the dusty rooms hidden behind the shattered windows, that have trapped and sheltered many kind and unkind ones. An abandoned cemetery lays by the drowning river, the faint smell of death makes it uncomfortable to breathe. On the gravestones, you can see faded engraves of the ancient names of those brutal and turbulent inhabitants, who struggled to survive and were eventually defeated by death. Only two can still be identified; â€Å"Heathcliff† and â€Å"Hindley†. Their life stories, carved on the back of the gravestone by their enemies. Heathcliff, a dirty ragged, black haired child who’s incredibly rude, and Hindley, another resident of the dark society who drinks constantly, gambles religiously, and treats others with very little courtesy. Wuthering Heights cuts a sharp contrast to the warm, civilized and heavenly residence , Thruscross Grange. It is a joyful world from inside out. Lit with light and warmth, and embroidered with the rarest but most beautiful flowers that spread fragrance of the sweetest honey. Laughter and giggles echo under the bright, shining sun where angels dance and sing. By the looks of it, you can easily interpret it’s built with aesthetic pleasure in mind. â€Å"A splendid palace carpeted with crimson†¦ and pure white ceiling bordered with gold†. It’s impressive in nature with not only lavish decorations that are more than pleasing to the eye, but also colours that conjure images of serenity, wealth and purity. â€Å"A shower of glass-drops hanging in silver chains from the centre† the residence is unbelievably sophisticated, and exemplifies beauty, order and elegance. The well-stocked library full of wise words add an all round sense of moderate wealth and satisfaction. Old, yellowed pieces of carefully and neatly written obituaries can also be spotted in the study. The obituaries notified us that the residents of this paradisiacal place are also as refined, orderly and obedient. The Lintons, who had the honour of living in such a luxury are very polite and respectable people who conduct themselves morally and justly. Edgar, the soft-hearted man who is very fragile and serene â€Å"had a sweet low manner of speaking†. His sister Isabella is much the same, recorded as a â€Å"charming young lady† and â€Å"possessed of a keen wit†. They’re obviously very civilized and humane, and have been safely protected from outside contaminations and from bitter wind, straight from the moors behind the firm walls of Thruscross Grange. These two houses are practically right next to each other, yet they’re so different. Who would think the two sides of the dirty boors would be two completely different worlds? One formidable and disgusting, and the other so classy and glamorous. In conclusion, Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange are of hell and of heaven.

Advanced Management Accounting Assignment Essays

Advanced Management Accounting Assignment Essays Advanced Management Accounting Assignment Essay Advanced Management Accounting Assignment Essay A budget according to Dry (2008) can be defined as a financial plan for implementing the various decisions that management has made or a quantitative expression of planned activities. In addition, a budget is an estimate of costs, revenues, and resources over a specified period, reflecting a reading of future financial conditions and goals. It an organization, it is one of the most important administrative tools, as it serves as a plan of action for achieving quantified objectives and is a device for coping with foreseeable adverse situations. Budgeting is important in an organization because it helps in setting standards of performance, it plays a critical role in strategic planning and it provides a tool to measure organization results. Budgets usually represent a detailed analysis Of how a company expects to spend money in future time periods. Many companies create budgets on an annual basis so they can carefully outline the expected needs of each department in the business. Losing an annual budget process also limits the amount of time companies spend creating and managing capital resources. On the other hand, there may be a general fear and countermanding about the purpose of the budgetary process and control, as it often regarded as time-consuming, unproductive, ineffective and meaningless rather than it being recognized as a tool for management, in all levels in an organization structure. Managers should be engaged in a detailed planned campaign on education and understanding the importance of budgeting as well as to encourage change from what has become an acceptable culture of imprudence towards budget preparation and suggest ways to make the budgetary process and the information become efficient, effective and meaningful. Total involvement of all managerial levels in budgeting is very important. It is even more necessary to get the participation in budgeting especially at the lowest or supervisory level. Thus, budgeting is no longer seen as the sole responsibility of the chief executive officer, budget officer or as that of the top executive in the company. Rather, all levels of the company will participate in the budgeting process and make commitments to achieving the goals set by the budget. The principal advantage which may accrue from full participation arises mainly from a higher level of motivation. Allowing a person to take an active part in planning and control should result in better co-operation. According to Horseman et al (1999), there are three major benefits of budgeting that states that budgeting compels managers to think ahead by formalizing their responsibilities for planning. It will also provides definite expectations that are the best framework for judging subsequent performance and budgeting aids managers in coordinating their efforts, so that the objectives if the organization as a whole match the objectives. It will also clearly defines areas of responsibility which will require managers of edged centers to take responsibility to achieve the budget target for the operations under their personal control and it should provide a basis of performance appraisal. Budgeting has long been recognized as the accepted procedure for profit planning and many of the most successful companies have applied this procedure. However, the budget practice has been labeled fragmented, conservative, wasteful and ineffective by critics of the budgeting process. Some view holds that budgets are primarily concerned with the allocation of cash to specific activities, and the expected outcome of business orientations and that they do not deal with more subjective issues, such as the quality of products or services provided to customers. These other issues can be stated as part of the budget, but this is not typically done. Also, when a company creates an annual budget, the senior management team may decide that the focus of the organization for the next year will be entirely on meeting the targets outlined in the budget. This can be a problem if the market shifts in a different direction sometime during the budget year. In this case, the company should shift along with the market, rather than adhering to the budget. Furthermore, an experienced manager may attempt to introduce budgetary slack, which involves deliberately reducing revenue estimates and increasing expense estimates, so that he can easily achieve favorable variances against the budget. This can be a serious problem, and requires considerable oversight to spot and eliminate. This concept and critic of budgeting has cast serious doubts on the need for a detailed and rigorously-enforced budgeting system, especially one that integrates the budget model with bonus plans. Nonetheless, the decision to install a budget is up to the management of the company. Management may opt to include a budget justification which is a narrative explanation Of each of the components of the budget, which justifies the cost in terms of the Budgeting has long been recognized as the accepted procedure for profit planning and many of the most successful companies have applied this procedure. However, the budget practice has been labeled fragmented, conservative, wasteful and ineffective by critics of the budgeting process. Some view holds that budgets are primarily concerned with the allocation of cash to specific activities, and the expected outcome of business transactions and that they o not deal with more subjective issues, such as the quality of products or services provided to customers. These other issues can be stated as part of the budget, but this is not typically done. Also, when a company creates an annual budget, the senior management team may decide that the focus of the organization for the next year will be entirely on meeting the targets outlined in the budget. This can be a problem if the market shifts in a different direction sometime during the budget year. In this case, the company should shift along with the market, rather than adhering to the budget. Furthermore, an experienced manager may attempt to introduce budgetary slack, which involves deliberately reducing revenue estimates and increasing expense estimates, so that he can easily achieve favorable variances against the budget. This can be a serious problem, and objectifications which is a narrative explanation of each of the components of the budget, which justifies the cost in terms of the proposed work. The explanations should focus on how each budget item is required to achieve the aims of the project and how the estimated costs in the budget is submitted, all items in the budget should be justified. Reposed work. The explanations should focus on how each budget item is required to achieve the aims of the project and how the estimated costs in the budget is submitted, all items in the budget should be justified. However, even though budgeting will be beneficial to the organization, it also has limitations in its preparation. The budget can be seen as pressure devices imposed by management resulting in bad labor relations and inaccurate accounting record keeping. There may be existence of departmental conflicts that may arise due to the allocation of resources and various department may be lamed when the target set have not be achieved. The company will have difficult to reconcile against the companys goals and individual goals and managers may overestimate costs so that they will not be blamed in the future should they overspend on the expenses and revenues. In most large organizations they will ensure that various type of budget are prepared to keep track of all expenses and incomes for the businesses. It will also help managers and account for a construct their annual report. The ability to budget effectively is an important element in order for an organization becoming successful. There are several types of budgets used in the business may take any of these names; master budget, an operational budget , general cash flow budget, capital budget , and financial budget which will be defined below (Hormone et al 1999). Master Budget: This type of budget is comprehensive estimation on how management expects to conduct all aspects of business that will cover the budgetary period for a period of one year. It will summarize the estimated activity by cash budget, budgeted income statement and balance sheet. It includes interrelated budgets from various departments which managers will use as a subset budget to plan and et performance objectives. This type of budget will used in large organization to ensure managers are kept on the same level. Operational Budget: An operational budget is the most common type of budget used. It forecasts and tries to closely predict yearly revenue and expense for the business. The budget can be updated with actual figures on a monthly basis and then you can revise your figures for the year, if needed. Cash Plow Budget: A cash flow budget details the amount of cash that will be collect and pay out. This is generally tallied on a monthly basis, but some businesses tabulate this weekly. In this budget, you track your sales and other receivables from income sources and contrast those against how much you will pay to suppliers and expenses. When there is a positive cash flow, it indicates that the business is growing. Capital Budget: The capital budget helps you to figure out how much money you will need to put in place for new equipment or procedures to launch new products or increase production or services. This budget estimates the value of capita purchases you need for your business to grow and increases revenues. Financial Budget: The financial budget will explain how the business will receives and spend the money achieved on a corporate scale from their capital expenditure. They will need to manage their assets which will have significant effect of the financial health on the company. However, managers will use this budget to help with leverage financing and value the company for mergers and public offering Of stocks. Budgets serve a variety of functions which includes planning, evaluating performance, coordinating activities, communicating, motivating and authorizing actions. A properly used budget can provide a benchmark or comparison point that alerts management to the first indication that their financial goals are unattainable. Four elements must be present in order for a budget to provide this type of information and control. Firstly the budget must be well envisioned, and prepared or approved by management, whilst secondly the budget must be broken down into periods corresponding to that periods financial statements. Thirdly throughout the year the financial statements must be prepared on a timely basis and a comparison made to the budget and fourthly management must be prepared to take action where ever the comparison with the budget indicates a significant deviation. The budget process plays an important role in the planning, decision-making ND controls within the organization. Therefore, it is essential for the company to improve the budgeting process in order to have a better understanding of the strategic goals, garner more coordinated support for those goals, and to improve the ability of the company to respond quickly to competition. There are several ways to improve the budget process. These are as follows: Link budget developments to corporate strategy Design procedures that allocate resources strategically. Tie incentives to performance measures other than meeting budget targets. Link cost management efforts to budgeting. Reduce budget complexity and cycle time Develop budgets that accommodate change The budget expresses how resources will be allocated and what measures will be used to evaluate progress, the budget development is more effective when linked to overall corporate strategy. Linking the two gives all managers and employees a clearer understanding of strategic goals. This understanding in turn, leads to greater support for goals, better coordination of tactics, and, ultimately, to stronger accompanied performance. To create this link, companies must communication their strategies to employees. Top management must take the lead in developing and communicating strategic goals. However, to develop those goals, top management needs information about customers, competitors, economic and technological change information that must come from customer-contact and support units. Companies that establish effective channels for communication find it easier to set challenging yet achievable strategic goals. Setting goals before budgeting begins makes it easier for budget developers at all levels. When this happens, budget developers create from the start budgets that support strategic goals and that, therefore, need fewer revisions. Budget development then becomes not only faster and less costly but also far less frustrating. Many companies still evaluate managers primarily on how closely they hit budget targets. While this may seem logical, in reality this type of one- dimensional evaluation tempts managers to win by playing games with budget targets. Such game playing isnt always in the companys best interest. For many companies, meeting budget targets is secondary to other performance measures. Such companies use a balanced set of performance measures to chart progress toward strategic goals, and use the same assure in their incentive programs. This reinforces the importance of key strategies and communicates what results will be rewarded. At many companies, business unit managers are involved in identifying the measures that are most relevant for their operations. Typically, some measures are financial, while others track progress in other efforts. For example, an appropriate nonofficial measure for one business unit may be product defect rate; for another, speed to market for new products. Once the measures are identified, higher-level management clarifies what targets each manager is expected to meet. Managers and employees receive training on the companys incentive program so that they understand the reason behind the rewards. By linking cost management efforts to budgeting, companies improve the quality of information available for managers to use in developing their budgets. Accurate cost information is fundamental to budgeting. Companies that use accurate cost management techniques and provide budget developers with ready access to cost information improve both the accuracy and the speed of their budget process. Companies strive to reduce budget complexity and streamline budgeting procedures. Such streamlining allows management to collect budget information, make allocation decisions, and communicate final targets in less time, at lower cost, and with less disruption to the companys core activities. By controlling the number of budgets that are needed and by standardizing budgeting methods, companies take important steps toward streamlining budgeting. Another key step is to minimize the amount of detail included in the reports used to develop budgets. Also, in their effort to streamline budgeting, leading companies use information technology to automate budgeting and facilitate workflow. These companies make sure that budget developers are thoroughly trained in new technologies. This training, together with ongoing monitoring of information needs accompanied, helps best practice companies deliver the right information to managers, on time and at the right cost. By developing budgets that accommodate change, companies can respond to competitive threats or opportunities more quickly and with greater precision. They can use resources efficiently to take advantage of the most promising opportunities. Furthermore, knowing that budgets have some flexibility frees budget developers from the need to pad budgets to over a wide variety of possible developments. This leads to leaner, more realistic budgets. Companies typically review budgets quarterly, monthly, or even weekly. By including in these reviews reports on changes in business conditions, companies alert managers that new tactics may be called for, if they are to meet their targets for the year. While it is important that budgets not be revised to cover up for poor performance or poor planning, best practice companies choose to revise budgets rather than adhere to budgets that do not reflect current conditions. Some companies rely on rolling or continuous forecasts rather than on traditional annual budgets. The chief difference between such forecasts and traditional budgets is that the forecast is updated with actual results as the company moves through the year. Figures for three or more subsequent quarters are projected in decreasing degree of detail. One way in which companies build flexibility into budgets is to prioritize according to strategic importance action plans that were rejected due to resource limitations. By doing this, they can act swiftly and decisively if additional resources become available. Another way in which companies evolve budgets that accommodate change is to require managers to create scenarios based on a variety of assumptions about business conditions. The affordability of powerful information technology allows for the creation of many what if scenarios. This practice makes it possible for companies to respond more quickly and effectively if actual conditions follow the pattern of a particular scenario. Companies also build flexibility into budgets by setting aside funds at the business-unit level to take advantage of competitive opportunities. Some companies even establish separate subsidiaries to look onto promising products or technologies. It is imperative that the budget be viewed as an essential tool to help companies to formulate better strategies for achieving its goals and objectives. The strategic planning is the long term plan of an organization and the budget is the short-term plan that contains more detail regarding the business operations. The budget is viewed as the blueprint or plan for the entire business which is prepared for the future period which it is designed by estimating and forecasting future trends in the market. The budget is used to evaluate the actual performance of a company r a section of the company with desirable performance which is based on a budget. It also provides information to the shareholders or investors so they may determine whether the business is a potential investment. Therefore, an excellent budget process should have the ability to convert objectives and desirable goods or future estimated outcomes into data. The budget should also be viewed as one way of positively influencing the behavior of managers within the organization as there are very few, if any decision and actions that managers can take which do not have some financial effect and which will nor abstinently be reflected in a comparison between budgeted and actual result. The nature of budgets is probably the most important advantage that a budgeting process has over most other systems in a typical organization. The ability to budget effectively is a very important part of being successful organization. This will been done through the exercise of preparing a budget which enables managers to promote planning, obtain directions, to make reasonable forecasts which will be serve as a monitoring tool which will predict financial support, promote communication and coordination, titivates and serves as a tool for evaluation and performance and ultimately determine how well the groups mission statement will be accomplished. In piloting the affairs of the organization a budget can be an extremely important and effective tool for management. However, to prepare a meaningful budget the organization must know where it is heading, its goals and objectives. As priorities change people should be involved in the budget preparation and approval process to ensure the resulting budget is fully supported as a budget is a tool of management, not a substitute for management.

Applied Law Example

Applied Law Example Applied Law – Coursework Example Applied Law The contract created by the Police Commissioner when he offers $100,000 reward is aunilateral contract. Unlike bilateral contract, a unilateral contract does not encompass a two-party agreement (Linn 81). The commissioner drafts the contract and presents it already containing the applicable terms and conditions. In this respect, whoever provides the information that leads to the solution of the murder case is not involved in the making of the contract.Mary does not need to testify in order to get the reward money. According to the Police Commissioner, what is needed is the information that can lead to the arrest and conviction of the offender. Once the arrest is made and the crime against the perpetrator confirmed, then Mary should get the reward money. The only important factor is ensuring that the police have the person they are looking for.Bob can actually claim a portion of the reward money if not all. This is because no exceptions were made by the commissioner detail ing police officers were not eligible for the reward. However, if Mary can prove foul play by Bob, then the issue can be argued against Bob getting part of or all the reward money. Essentially, he played a critical role in the apprehension of the crime perpetrator.The relevant rule in this case is informed by judicial decision(s). In this respect, policy consideration relevant to a case stands by the principles, statutes, or precedents that the judicial system observes relative to the matter at hand (Linn 109). personally, I agree with the policy. This is because the law should be allowed to take its course.Linn, Edith. Arrest Decisions: What Works for the Officer? New York: Peter Lang, 2009. Print.

Aspects of Contract and Negligence for Business in United Kingdom Essay

Aspects of Contract and Negligence for Business in United Kingdom - Essay Example An offer is an expression of willingness to have a contract under specified sets of terms and conditions. This is made by an offeror and the focus here is that in case the offer is accepted, then the offeror is bound by the contract. In other words, an offer matches an individual’s manifestation about his or her intent to get into a binding contract with somebody else. Acceptance on the other hand refers to an expression of agreement which is unconditional and absolute. This is in regards to all terms formulated in a given offer. In this case, it refers to an assent by an offeree who is responsible for offering a legal contract (Berle 435). It can either be in writing or oral though it has to reflect on the original offer agreed upon. Capacity entails the capability of an individual to get into a legal agreement considering the fact that other people such as the insane, the drunkards and infants may not be able to enter an agreement. Intention is another element of a valid con tract and it simply entails intimating to get into an agreement. These elements play important roles as far as contracts are concerned. One of the importance of the elements is that they help in protecting an individual from potential problems for instance from overcharging or from losing deposit (Mitchell). They also ensure that one has a guarantee for complete and quality work. They also help in clarifying expectations of different parties involved into a contract as well as in knowing how possible conflicts can be resolved. Apart from these, they are important in that they enable parties to safeguard their resources. Typesof Contract Contracts are in different categories and they all have their impacts and relevance in applications. Written contracts are usually written and sealed off in official documents. One of the impacts of a written contract is that they get into operation once they have been adopted and delivered between the concerned parties. Friedman (105) notes that the y also bind all the parties involved within their terms without considering whether the terms have been read or not. There are contracts which require written evidence. These contracts have their evidences taking effect upon agreement and they help in preventing perjury and frauds. There are also sealed contracts which are usually made by a party and delivered to another party after sealing them (Wedderburn 99). These types of contracts are important in that they check on misconceptions. Finally, there are simple contracts which can be oral, partly written, fully written, oral or even implied. Their impacts are usually dependent on what is being agreed upon. Terms in a Contract Conditions in contracts mean the operating regulations between the contracting parties. One party’s performance is conditioned based on terms being operated upon. This further implies that termination remedy is present with damages or if there are no serious effects from a breach (Drew and Skitmore 228 ).Warranties are terms which are less essential and are mostly implied as collateral with regards to the key purpose. With warranties, there are no rights to termination. However, damages reflecting on actual losses are pertinent. Innominate terms are those for which there are no advance prescriptions for remedies. There is termination if effects felt upon a breach are serious and capable of depriving innocent parties of contractual benefits. TASK 2 It is possible that you hold Direct Training to the price they stated on the website. However,

Choose a case study organisation. Make an evaluation of the reward Essay

Choose a case study organisation. Make an evaluation of the reward implementation problem. Offer recommendations that are logical, viable and scheduled. Offer some costings - Essay Example As for the social factors, issues such as immigration, emigration, and poverty are bound to surface. Employment relations in this context refer to the business relationship between employer and the worker(s). Perkins & White (2011) argue that it plays an important role in the motivation of the employees, building the organization’s reputation; ensuring that there is efficiency in the operations; and maximization of output or production and profit margins (Rose, 2008). There are two main approaches to employment relation. Wilkinson &Townsend (2011) elaborates that these approaches are through either collective bargaining or individual bargaining. Individual bargaining is a situation where the employees individually negotiate about working conditions and remunerations with the employers while in the collective bargaining approach they use trade unions to negotiate on their behalf. There is an emerging trend in the workforce that tends to make it flexible. Firms are increasingly employing the technique of employing part time workers or temporary workers instead of permanent workers (Daniels, 2008). This flexibility is perceived to be cheap as it enables companies to meet the demand of consumers and reduces cost of training. However, its disadvantages are lack of security and effective communication. Workers can influence the operations of businesses through the concept of employee participation and industrial democracy. Employee participation encompasses scenario where decisions made by organizations involve the inputs of the employee while industrial democracy entails the modalities workers can incorporate to influence decisions. In any organizations, disputes and conflicts are bound to surface. It is the modalities that companies or firms adopt that play a key role in providing remedy to the disputes/conflicts. In most cases these disputes emanate from issues such as the working,

Consumer Decision Rule Are Procedures Marketing Essay

Consumer Decision Rule Are Procedures Marketing Essay Introduction Consumer purchasing process theory is a critical component of marketing strategy. Consumer purchasing behavior can be complicated and understanding it is the essential working of effective marketing management. Before consumers make decision to purchase products, they estimate carefully about their thinking. Managers can guess consumers decision process such as Problem recognition, information search, and evaluation criteria. Body The first step is Problem recognition or Need recognition. Problem recognition is that consumers decide problems to be solved and have desires that they wish to satisfy. The consumer considers a significant difference between his or her current state of affairs and some desired or ideal state (Solomon Rabolt, 2003)1. Consumer try to compare between their desired consumer lifestyle that would like to live and feel, and current situation that is temporary factors affecting the consumer. If the consumer has a big gap between desired consumer lifestyle and current situation, they will purchase a product for satisfying the desire. However, if the gab is no different or they do not care about the problem, they will not purchase the product. Nowadays, telephone companies are attracting consumers to purchase by their new products which provide many kind of function. For instance, Businessmen tend to need using mobile phone nowadays in the society and the companies provide many useful functions for them. The new functions can help them to check business e-mails or checking business information on internet. If businessmen do not have a mobile phone, they will not be able to contact other business partners and other people think the businessmen is a dropout. Therefore, having a mobile phone is necessary for them, and having new phone can be fashion and trend for young businessmen. So they will consider purchasing the mobile phone as smart phone. Nowadays, we also can see other case of purchasing the phone in the school. According to Amanda Lenhart, 23percentage of all those ages 12-17 mention that they have a smartphone and ownership is highest among older teens: 31% of those ages 14-17 have a smartphone, compared with just 8% of youth ages 12-13 in America(Amanda Lenhart, 2012)2. If many class mates are having a mobile phone, it can highly affect the students who do not have a phone to desire having smart phone. One of them might be able to ask their parents to purchase it. On the other hands, desire of buying mobile phone and smart phone for most old people will be lower than the young people because they are not used to have mobile phone. Having a mobile phone and new functions in smart phone are unnecessary for them and they can be satisfied their life without mobile phone. It means the old people satisfied about their actual state as their old phone will not consider about it. Like these three different groups has different desire and thinking about the same product. If the Businessman and the students parents consider buying a smart phone, they will move to next stage is information research. Next stage is information search. Information search is when the consumers search the needed information for solving problem or desire. The consumer recollects their own past experience in their memory and it might provide the consumer with adequate information to make the present choice. In addition, The making decisions are based on the personal experience is internal source, and marketing and noncommercial information is external sources. For example, the businessman will remind what they know about new smart phone, compare brands of smart phone. If they do not have enough information or they have not had the phone, they will collect information from external sources as family and friend, internet, and advertisements. Their collect information value and spending time for collecting the information is depending on their free time to search, and how mobile phone is important and interesting to them. Finally, if the businessman is satisfied with information of smart phone, they will move to next stage. However, sometimes searching information also can be negative effect. If the students parents can spend long hours to check and collected many information, the parents can see negative side of smart phone like there are a lot of game application in smart phone, and the phone influence student to spend a lot of time for chatting with their friends whenever they want. The parents will be able to tend to consider about the negative sides and not to purchase it to their children. There is one more negative side of information research it is a failure. According to Leon G.Schiffman, search regret can have a damaging effect on retailers, because in this pilot study store blame and self-blame were not significantly correlated with each other(2010, Leon G.Schiffman, Leslie Lazar Kanuk)3. Thus, information search can be both negative and positive. Next stage is alternative evaluation. After consumer collect information, they compare the relevant and feasible alternatives has been gathered, the decision can be made. The evaluative criteria is the various features a consumer looks for in response to a particular problem. According to Engel, Blackwell, and Miniard, evaluative criteria is defined as the standards and specifications used by consumers to compare different products and brands. Evaluative criteria play an important role in the evaluation stage of the decision making process (Engel J.F, Blackwell, R.D and Miniard, P.W, 1993)4. For example, before purchasing a smart phone, the businessman might want to evaluate cost, function, design, display size, brand, and warranty. Evaluative criteria can differ in type, number and importance. If the businessman can decide to purchase a smart phone, they terminate information search, and they make a list of brand or models from which they plan to make their selection. The criteria t hey will use to evaluate each brand or model as Evoked Set, Inert Set, and Inept Set. Evoked set is the specific brands or models a business man considers to purchase within a particular product category. Inert Set is second choice of brands or models of smart phone because they are felt to be unacceptable or they are seen as inferior. Last list is Inert Set, which consists of brands or models the consumer is indifferent toward because they cannot obtain any advantage from smart phone like a smart phones for student, or silver phone for old people. The two kind of smart phones are not suitable to the businessman and the phones can be in list of Inert set. But, if they are still not sure which one they want to buy, they will search information again. If the businessman decides to purchase a smart phone Conclusion We can understand that consumer has different taste, and want depend on their occupation. Their decision ways is very complex. However, marketing managers can guess consumers purchasing decision by the purchasing process. Question2 Introduction Making decision to purchase a product is the last step for consumers and the consumers can use Consumer decision rules such as Compensatory and Non-compensatory decision rules. Consumer decision rule is procedures used by consumers to facilitate brand or other consumption-related choice. These rules provide consumers decision guidelines or routines to reduce the burden of making complex decisions. Body According to Leon G. Schiffman and Lesilie Lazar Kanuk, there are two consumer decision rules. Compensatory decision rules are that allows a positive estimate of a brand on one attribute to balance out a disadvantage point on other attributes. Non-compensatory decision rules are that do not allow consumers to balance positive evaluations of a brand on one attribute against a negative evaluation on other attributes. In addition, there are three Non-compensatory rules such as the conjunctive rule, the disjunctive rule, and the lexicographic rule. The Conjunctive decision rule is consumers evaluate a separate, minimally acceptable level such a cutoff point for each attribute. If a product a negative point, the point is ignored from future consideration. The disjunctive rule is the same with the Conjunctive rule. In applying the rule, the consumers evaluate a separate, minimally acceptable cutoff level for each attribute which should be better than the one normally established for a conj unctive rule. If a point meets the cutoff established for any one attribute, it is accepted. The Lexicographic decision rule is that the best ranks the attributes in terms of the single attribute that is considered most important. If an option scores sufficiently high on this the best rank attribute, it is chosen and the process ends (Leon G. Schiffman, Leslie Lazar Kanuk, 2010)5. In my case, I purchase a product by the lexicographic decision rule in Non-compensatory decision rules. For instance, there are four different brand of mobile phone as IPhone 4Gs, Sony Ericsson Xperia Arc X12, Samsung Galaxy S3, and BlackBerry Torch 9860. I will check Price, CPU in General, Camera video, 3G/4G Speed in Connective, and Screen. According to GadGetbook, the most expensive price of mobile phone is IPhone around RM2199~RM2799 and the lowest cost one is Blackberry around RM1400~RM1600. Therefore, I marked each mobile phone, Samsung Gelexy3 is 7 point, IPhone4Gs is 6 point, Sony is 9, and Blackb erry is 10 point. Price of the Sony and Blackberry is much cheaper than Samsung Geluxy3 and IPhone. However, Both the Sony and the Blackberry does not have other special feature. The two mobiles CPU, Camera Video, and Connective get low marks among the phones. Especially, Sony provides a poor quality of connective. High speed of Connecting 3G and 4G is the most important point for me because I need to use applications such as Skype which provide free call and video call. If speed of connective is slow, I will get a lot of lack while I am doing the calls with my family and friends (Gadgetbook ,2010)6. Conclusion As my result show chart of hypothetical Ratings for mobile phone*, both the highest connective performance and the highest total mark is Samsung Galaxy3. Hence, I will purchase Samsung Galaxy 3 without *Hypothetical Ratings for Mobile phone IPhone 4GS Sony Ericsson Xperia Arc X12 Samsung Galaxy3 BlackBerry Torch 9860 Price RM2199~2799 ( 6 ) RM1550~1650 ( 9 ) RM2050~2150 ( 7 ) RM1400~1600 ( 10 ) General(CPU) dual-core 1GHz (9) 1GHz scorpion (7) Quad-core 1.4 GHz (10) 1.2 GHz QC 8655 (8) Camera Video 8MP 32642448 [emailprotected] (10) 8MP 32642448 [emailprotected] (9) 8MP 32642448 [emailprotected] (10) 5 MP 2592ц¦1944 720p (7) Connective HSDPA: 14.4 Mbps HSUPA: 5.8 Mbps (8) HSDPA: 7.2 Mbps HSUPA: 5.8 Mbps (6) HSDPA: 21 Mbps HSUPA: 5.76 Mbps (10) HSDPA: 14.4 Mbps HSUPA: 5.76 Mbps (8) Screen 640 x 960 3.5 inches (9) 480 x 854 4.2 inches (8) 720 x 1280 4.8 inches (10) 480 x 800 pixels 3.7 inches (7) Total 42 39 47 40 Question3. Introduction There is no debt that mobile phone is very important for people and me. Most people, nowadays, cannot live without a mobile phone in the society and Mobile phone supports our life to be better with their many functions. Body When I was in Korea, mobile phone was not a so important thing for me and I thought I do not need to buy an expensive high function of mobile phone as camera phone although most of my friend was having them. Therefore, I had a cheap and classic phone as no color phones. However, after coming to Malaysia, my thinking about mobile phone was totally changed because of my situation it is studying abroad. First day in Malaysia, I did not have any friend in here and I realized I need a mobile phone for talking with my family and friends who are in Korea. But I could not call to them whenever I want because of too high phone bill. Thus, I desired to solve the problem. One day, my sister introduced about IPhone that I can use free call and free message through using IPhone application in WIFI zone. The function made me to be excited about smart phone. Actually, I had not thought that I would purchase smart phone that is expensive. Finally, I bought Iphone3 and my life was changed by IPhone a nd the special functions. The first change thing is that I can have more talking and chatting times with my family and friends thanks to the free call and free message application. Even father learnt using smart phone and he often send me message. If I did not have a mobile phone, I would not be able to contact my family, and Korean friends. It seems to me that it is the greatest wonderful advantage for me. Second change thing is that I use other a lot of applications and functions as camera and video in mobile phone and they are very helpful for me. I can take a picture by the mobile phone and upload on Facebook. I can read electronic books and playing games for time killing whenever I want. Conclusion The mobile companies improve their technology and they catch what consumers want and need for attracting customers to purchase. Having a mobile phone becomes one of new culture in the society. I am also affected it. When I was young, having a mobile phone was unnecessary for me and I could not know about advantage of mobile phone. It means that Classic phones could not attract me to have. However, I cannot live without my phone now because of new functions of mobile phone and I need them for my modern life. 1. Solomon, M.R., Rabolt, N.J. (2003). Consumer behavior in fashion (1st ed.). Upper , Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. p.356. 2. Amanda Lenhart, 2012, Teens Smartphones Texting, http://pewinternet.org/Reports/2012/Teens-and-smartphones.aspx 3. (2010, Leon G.Schiffman, Leslie Lazar Kanuk)2. Consumer behavior- prepurchase search, P.486.) 4. Engel, J.F., Blackwell, R.D., Miniard, P.W. (1993). Consumer Behavior (7th ed.). P.51. 5. Leon G. Schiffman, Leslie Lazar Kanuk, 2010, Consumer behavior, Consumer decision Rules, page 491~page492 6. (Gadgetbook ,2010) http://mobilemegamall.com/gadgets/Mobile-Phone-Price-Malaysia-10.html

Marketing Planning Essay

Assume you have been appointed as a marketing consultant for Jollibee. As part of the international expansion program, the management wants you to prepare a report to identify marketing opportunities. The report should cover the following information: a) Identify three potential markets for expansion Jollibee Foods Corporation (JFC) is banking on franchising and overseas expansion to continuously boost its earnings in the long run. The aggressive expansion program is in line with doubling the company’s earnings in 5 years, company officials said. JFC board chairman Tony Tan Caktiong said the ideal business mix is 50-50 for franchising and company-owned expansion. JFC’s branches outside the Philippines are all company-owned, except those in the Middle East. In the Philippines, 45% of the stores are company-owned while 55% are franchised. For its overseas expansion, CEO Ernesto Tanmantiong said the quick-service restaurant chain plans to expand its global footprint by putting up stores in Malaysia, Myanmar, Europe and Japan â€Å"after five years because we need to focus on China and the US.† JFC is also branching out in Canada next year while the company is still studying prospects in Indonesia, one of the fastest growing economies in Southeast Asia. The potential markets for expansion are the following: Three Options for Expansion Papua New Guinea- Raising the Standard New Entrant into 3 store fast food chain Tingzon offered to put up all capital required Hong Kong- Expanding the Base 3 Store already established, possibility of a 4th one. High volume with Filipinos but not with residents (Chinese) 4th store location high traffic but few Filipinos California-Supporting the Settlers Success in Guam led them to believe US had potential Food Appealed to Filipinos and Americans Decided on Daly City-Large Filipino population Plans to appeal to Asian Americans and then Hispanic Americans b) General information about the potential markets (geographical location, capital, population, per capita income, literacy rate, language spoken) Geographical Location Jollibee started with five branches in 1978 and has grown to a strong network of a total of 801 stores in the country, and 96 stores internationally. In total, Jollibee has 896 stores worldwide as of November 2013. It is the largest fast food chain in the country with international locations in Brunei, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Kuwait, Malaysia, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Vietnam, the United States, and Canada. JFC is planning to expand Jollibee to other markets like Europe. Asia Brunei (launched 1987) Hong Kong (launched September 1996) Indonesia (to be launched 2015) Kuwait (launched 1995) Malaysia (to be launched 2015) Philippines (main hub) Qatar Saudi Arabia (launched 1995) Singapore (launched 2013) Vietnam (launched October 1996) North America United States (launched 1998) Canada (to be launched 2015) The first Jollibee branch in Vietnam was opened on October 1996 at the Super Bowl in Ho Chi Minh City. To date, Jollibee has more than 30 stores in Vietnam, they are located in the cities of Ho Chi Minh, Hanoi, Da Nang, Nha Trang, in the provinces of Vinh Phuc, Dong Nai and all provinces in the  Mekong Delta Region. In Hong Kong, there is currently one branch located in Central. At present, it is in the process of being renovated, while the opening of a second branch in the country is currently under consideration. As of end-September 2012, Jollibee was operating 2,040 stores in the Philippines for all of its brands: 765 for Jollibee, 383 for Chowking, 201 for Greenwich, 209 for Red Ribbon, 457 for Mang Inasal and 25 for Burger King. PAPUA NEW GUINEA: There are five million people in Papua New Guinea with extremely limited fast food options. Jollibee can come in and set a high standard, attract many customers, and scare future investors away. However they would have to quickly add three to four stores to be competitive and cover costs. There was also question as to whether the area could handle 20 stores. Either they will get the first mover advantage or they will sustain huge loss. Since the benefits offered by the local partner are uncertain and profit potential is low, Jollibee should not seek to enter New Guinea at this time. HONG KONG: In Hong Kong, Jollibee are located near a very densely populated area, which has a very loyal Filipino customer base. These people gave them great business on the weekends, but sales fell off during the week because the local Hong Kong people rarely frequented the Jollibee establishment. Also, there were tremendous problems with the Chinese stores. All of the managers resigned and many employees quit because the Chinese like to work for Chinese. There was obvious friction between the Chinese and Filipino’s. While the fourth store in Hong Kong represents a valuable learning opportunity, it will not generate the revenues needed to build a global empire. Catering to the local Chinese palette would allow Jollibee to build its competitive advanta ge by learning to balance flexibility in menu offerings with consistency across the global brand. Additionally, a success in cosmopolitan Hong Kong could give Jollibee the brand exposure it needs to attract better partners. However, given the staffing issues and uncertainty involving the local Chinese customer, it would be better for Jollibee to improve its current operations, rather than to commit additional resources to a new store. CALIFORNIA: It will be a very good idea to target the Asian community living in U.S and California is the best place to start from. The intense competitive atmosphere of US fast food market will provide Jollibee tremendous opportunity of global learning. Furthermore, they also discovered that there were many elements of their  restaurants that appealed to Americans. Similarly, there was great support from Filipino-Americans. Likewise, Jollibee was going to expand throughout California before it moved east. They were determined to gain recognition. Another helpful aspect is the diversification of America. In any given city a person can find Chinese, Italian, Greek, Spanish, Japanese, American, German, Polish, Indian, and other ethnic restaurants. Americans like to try food of different cultures and there is no reason to believe that we will not try Filipino food. There is very little reason to believe that Jollibee cannot successfully enter the fast food market in the United States. But on the other hand, United States is home to some of Jollibee’s most formidable competitors. As a late-mover, it will be difficult for Jollibee to obtain access to the distribution channels, suppliers, and store locations which allowed it to become a cost leader in the Philippines. Additionally, aside from its experience in Guam, Jollibee does not have any real experience operating in a Western business environment. c) Specific information about each market (legal and ethical requirements, market trends, competitors, size of the market, potential sales volume) Legal and ethical requirements When markets in foreign countries offer a higher profit potential than your home market, it makes sense to expand internationally. As you prepare your expansion and research target markets in other countries, you will often find that the legal structures and ethical frameworks differ substantially from those in the United States. You have to address the legal and ethical issues of your entering these markets to make your expansion a success. Traditional Small Scale Bribery- involves the payment of small sums of money, typically to a foreign official in exchange for him/her violating some official duty or responsibility or to speed routine government actions (grease payments, kickbacks). Large Scale Bribery- a relatively large payment intended to allow a violation of the law or designed to influence policy directly or indirectly (eg, political contribution). Gifts/Favours/Entertainment- includes a range of items such as: lavish physical gifts, call girls, opportunities for personal tr avel at the company`s expense, gifts received after the completion of transaction and  other extravagant expensive entertainment. Pricing – includes unfair differential pricing, questionable invoicing – where the buyer requests a written invoice showing a price other than the actual price paid, pricing to force out local competition, dumping products at prices well below that in the home country, pricing practices that are illegal in the home country but legal in host country (eg, price fixing agreements). Products/Technology – includes products and technology that are banned for use in the home country but permitted in the host country and/or appear unsuitable or inappropriate for use by the people of the host country. Tax Evasion Practices – used specifically to evade tax such as transfer pricing (i.e., where prices paid between affiliates and/or parent company adjusted to affect profit allocation) including the use of tax havens, where any profit made is in low tax jurisdiction, adjusted interest payments on intra-firm loans, questionable management and service fees charged betwee n affiliates and /or the parent company. Illegal/Immoral Activities in the Host Country – practices such as: polluting the environment, maintaining unsafe working conditions; product/technology copying where protection of patents, trademarks or copyrights has not been enforced and short weighting overseas shipments so as to charge a country a phantom weight. Questionable Commissions to Channel Members – unreasonably large commissions of fees paid to channel members, such as sales agents, middlemen, consultants, dealers and importers. Cultural Differences – between cultures involving potential misunderstandings related to the traditional requirements of the exchange process (e.g., transactions) may be regarded by one culture as bribes but be acceptable business practices in another culture. These practices include: gifts, monetary payments, favours, entertainment and political contributions. Involvement in Political Affairs- related to the combination of marketing activities and politics including the following: the exertion of political influence by multinationals, engaging in marketing activities when either home or host countries are at war or illegal technology transfers. Market trends More focus on youths Popular trendy cafà © Wi-Fi internet access Creative location Multi branding Cleanliness environment Competitors Size of the market Claimed market size Jollibee was able to capture 65% of the market share in hamburger market in the Philippines. The JFC reported Php 82 billion by the end of 2011 Based on the annual report of JFC, Jollibee earned Php 50 billion revenue on 2011 Total sales of JFC claiming 65% market share is Php 82 billion. The total market share is Php 126 billion Potential sales volume Local fast food giant Jollibee Foods Corp. grew its 2013 net profit by 24.5 percent year-on-year to P4.64 billion as sales from its restaurant network here and abroad expanded by a double-digit pace. In the fourth quarter alone, JFC’s net profit rose by 20.3 percent year-on-year to P1.52 billion. System-wide retail sales—a measure of consumer sales from company-owned and franchised stores—grew by 13.9 percent in the fourth quarter and by 12.8 percent for the full year, to P28.87 billion and P104.1 billion, respectively. The full-year retail sales growth marked the highest rate of rise in organic sales in six years and allowed JFC to breach the P100-billion mark for the first time, JFC chief operating officer and incoming chief executive officer Ernesto Tanmantiong said in a statement. Apart from growing its sales volume and distribution network, JFC also unlocked higher margins by improving the operating efficiency of its growing store chain. Net income margin for 2013 increased to 5.8 percent from 5.2 percent the previous year. JFC opened a total of 98 stores in the fourth quarter—the highest number opened in a single quarter in the company’s  35-year history. It ended 2013 with an international store network of 2,764, of which 2,181 are in the Philippines. â€Å"Our progress in building the business has been taking place across our brands in different countries. In the years ahead, we look forward to further strengthening our brands and accelerating our profitable growth by keeping our intense focus on the fundamentals of our business for the benefit of our consumers: Superior product quality and taste, value, service, restaurant experience and store locations made possible by an even stronger JFC organization,† Tanmantiong said. For 2014, Jollibee has earmarked P6.3 billion in capital spending. It will be used to open new stores and renovate old ones. The budget is higher than the P4.1 billion capital outlays in 2013, when the company opened 235 new stores. In the fourth quarter of 2013, system-wide sales in the Philippines alone rose by 12.2 percent, while business grew by 19.2 percent in China, 17.2 percent in the United States, and 35.3 percent in Southeast Asia and the Middle East. In Southeast Asia, growth was led by Vietnam, where business rose by 40.2 percent. Same store sales across its global network for the fourth quarter grew by 8-9 percent year-on-year on higher customer traffic and purchases per store. With higher net profit last year, JFC’s return on equity improved to a 15-year high of 21.3 percent from the 18.3 percent seen in 2012. Aside from the flagship Jollibee brand, JFC operates Chowking, Greenwich, Red Ribbon, Mang Inasal and Burger King. In China, it operates the Yonghe King, Hong Zhuang Yuan and San Pin Wang chains. It likewise has a 50-percent stake in the joint venture operating Highlands Coffee (in Vietnam and the Philippines), Pho24 (in Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines, Hong Kong, Macau and Cambodia) and 12 Sabu (China). d) An assessment of external factors for each market (PEST analysis) The general environment consisting of 6 segments and the analysis of its effects on Jollibee is as shown below. Demographic In the local Philippines context, the million consumers walking into Jollibee’s stores daily represent strong demand for its products. The uniqueness of the geographical landscape of Philippines has also made it a challenge for fast-food companies. Globally, there are many Filipinos workers situated in the overseas market, especially in the United States where there are estimated to be around 2 million Filipino immigrants.  Besides the US, many Filipinos are also situated in parts of Asia such as Hong Kong, Brunei and Indonesia. Not limiting to Filipinos, their stores have also attracted other Asians to eat at their restaurants. Economic The growing economic capabilities of developing countries have attracted major players in the fast food industry to establish their stores there. Likewise for Jollibee, the growing market possibilities in Indonesia for Chinese food enabled Jollibee to venture into the market by introduction of Chowking Brand. The potential China market for fast food also led Jollibee to acquire 85 percent ownership in Yong he King Chain. Sociocultural The social and cultural of each country differs from one another. For example, a Chinese might prefer to have noodles instead of rice in Japan. In our case of Jollibee, the â€Å"langhap-sarap† concept adopted by them may be hugely popular to Filipinos consumers, but this concept may not do so well in global markets. Foreign consumers might not like the traditional taste of Jollibee’s food, as compared to bigger global players such as McDonald. Global The ever changing global landscape is one of the critical factors Jollibee has to consider. As illustrated in the case study, Philippines have seen major global players entering the fast-food market having a take on this pie. Although Jollibee have always been the dominant in this segment, competing in foreign markets seems to be in a different story. Not only they have to penetrate the foreign market with their proven and successful local recipe, they would also have to compete against already established players such as McDonald, Wendy’s and KFC. e) Estimate the costs, risks, financial viability for each market. Papua New Guinea: Raising the Standard In early 1996, at the recommendation of Quality Assurance Manager Gil Salvosa, a local New Guinea entrepreneur in the poultry business approached Tony Kitchner about a Jollibee franchise. He described a country of five million people served by only one poorly managed, 3-store fast-food chain, that had recently broken ties with its Australian chicken restaurant franchise. â€Å"Port Moresby does not have a  single decent place to eat, â€Å"he told Kitchner. He believed Jollibee could raise the quality of service and food enough to take much of the Australian chain’s market share while discouraging further entrants. Although the original plan had been to open just one store in the foreseeable future—in the capital, Port Moresby—Tingzon was certain that the franchisee could only cover the costs of developing the market if he put in at least three or four stores soon after. But he was uncertain whether Papua New Guinea coul d support the 20 stores that he saw as the target critical mass for new markets. (For comparison, in the Philippines, approximately 1,200 fast food outlets competed for the business of 75 million people. GNP per capita in both countries was almost at US$2,500.) Hong Kong: Expanding the Base Also on Tingzon’s plate was a proposal to expand to a fourth store in Hong Kong. The franchise, owned by Jollibee in partnership with local businessmen and managed by Tommy King, TTC’s brother-in-law, opened its first store in September 1996 to instant, overwhelming success. Located near a major transit hub in the Central district, it became a gathering place for Filipino expatriates, primarily domestic workers. However, appealing to the locals had proven more difficult. While volume was high on weekends, when the Filipinos came to Central to socialize, it fell off during the week, when business was primarily from local office workers. Although two more stores in Central had attracted many Filipinos, they both relied extensively on Chinese customers and generated sales of only about one-third of the first outlet. One problem was that, despite strenuous efforts, Jollibee had been unable to hire many local Chinese as crew members. According to one manager, Chinese customers who did not speak English well were worried that they would be embarrassed if they were not understood by the predominantly Philippine and Nepalese counter staff. Another problem was that in a city dominated by McDonald’s, Jollibee’s brand recognition among locals was weak. Working with Henry Shih, the sub-franchisee who owned the second store, Jollibee staffs were trying to help launch a thematic advertising campaign, but due to the Hong Kong operation’s small size, the franchise could not inject sufficient funds. California: Supporting the Settlers Soon after signing his contract, Tingzon had learned of year-old plan to open one Jollibee store per quarter in California starting in the first quarter of 1998.Supporting TTC’s long-held belief that Jollibee could win enormous  prestige and publicity by gaining foothold in the birthplace of fast food, Kitchner had drawn up plans with a group of Manila-based busine ssmen as 40% partners in the venture. Once the company stores were established, they hoped to franchise in California and beyond in 1999.Much of the confidence for this bold expansion plan came from Jollibee’s success in Guam, a territory of the US. Although they initially targeted the 25% of the population of Filipino extraction, management discovered that their menu appealed to other groups of Americans based there. They also found they could adapt the labor-intensive Philippine operating methods by developing different equipment and cooking processes more in keeping with a high labor cost environment. In the words of one International Division veteran, â€Å"In Guam, we learned how to do business in the United States. After succeeding there, we felt we were ready for the mainland. â€Å"The plan called for the first store to be located in Daly City, a community with a large Filipino population but relatively low concentration of fast-food competitors in the San Francisco area. (With more than a million immigrants from the Philippines living in California, most relatively affluent, this state had one of the highest concentrations of Filipino expatriates in the world.) The menu would be transplanted from the Philippines without changes. After initially targeting Filipinos, the plan was to branch out geographically to the San Francisco and San Diego regions, and demographically to appeal to other Asian-American and, eventually, Hispanic-American consumers. The hope was that Jollibee would then expand to all consumers throughout the U.S.Like the expansion strategies in PNG and Hong Kong, this project had momentum behind it, including visible support from Filipino-Americans, strong interest of local investors, and, not least,TTC’s great interest in succeeding in McDonald’s back-yard. f) Rank the opportunities in terms of their viability and likely contribution to the business According to the corporate website, Jollibee International currently has over 50 locations in Brunei, Hong Kong, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and U.S. There are now a total of 26 Jollibee stores in the U.S. including 9 stores in Northern California, 15 stores in Southern California, one store in Las Vegas, and one store in New York. According to Jollibee’s website, the company has modified its global strategy and stopped international  franchising temporary. The California franchise has been a success. Since opening the first U.S. store in Daly City in 1998, the company has expanded their U.S. presence to a total of 26 stores. The company has the advantage in the California market because there are a lot new immigrants entering the state with 80,000 Filipino migrating per year. Jollibee currently has only one Hong Kong store located in Central, implying that at least two Central stores have been closed since 1998 in addition to the Kowloon district store. Finally, there is no Jollibee presence in Papua New Guinea indicating that efforts to expand to this country were not successful. References: http://www.pinoyinvestor.com/smartinvestor/jollibee-banks-on-franchising-overseas-expansion-to-boost-long-term-earnings-04-aug-2014 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jollibee http://www.allfreepapers.com/print/Jollibee–Case-Study-Analysis/1794.html http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs-wm/12111.pdf http://business.inquirer.net/164038/jollibee-13-profit-up-24-5 http://nhobeelab.weebly.com/industry-analysis.html